Thursday, April 23, 2015

Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions

There are two types of conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating.  These are explained briefly below, and the topic will be covered in more detail in later posts.

Coordinating Conjunctions:

Coordinating conjunctions join two independent clauses, or in other words they join two complete sentences.  In this case, you put a comma after the first clause, then a space, then the coordinating conjunction and the second clause.  

The coordinating conjunctions are forandnorbutoryet, and so.  You can remember them with the acronym "FANBOYS." 

Example:  The weather is a little bit cooler today, and I am happy about that.

Subordinating Conjunctions:

Subordinating conjunctions, on the other hand, join two sentences, but one of them is less important than the other.  In other words, the clause that starts with the subordinator needs the other sentence in order to make sense.  

The subordinate clause may come before or after the main clause.  You put a comma after the subordinate clause if it is at the beginning of the sentence, but you do not put a comma between the clauses if the main clause comes first.

There are a lot of subordinating conjunctions, and some of them are:  

after
although
as
as if
as long as
as though
because
before
even if
even though
if
if only
in order that
now that
once
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
till
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
while

Examples:

  • He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life.
  • Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies.
  • Unless we act now, all is lost.

English Verb Tenses

A brief summary of the English verb tenses, along with examples and usage criteria, is provided below.


All Verb Tenses, Active and Passive
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Simple
Continuous
Simple
Continuous
Present
he works
he is working
it is made
it is being made
Past
he worked
he was working
it was made
it was being made
Future
he will work
he will be working
it will be made

Present Perfect
he has worked
he has been working
it has been made
Past Perfect
he had worked
he had been working
it had been made
Future Perfect
he will have worked
he will have been working
it will have been made



The Perfect Tenses
Simple
Continuous
Present Perfect
Something has continued to the present
They’ve been married for fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

…or is important in the present:
I’ve lost my keys. I can’t get into the house.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
Something has been continuing up to the present:

It’s been raining for hours.

We’ve been waiting here since six
o’clock this morning.

Past Perfect
Something continued up to a time in the past:
When George died, he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years.

...or was important at that time in the past:
I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys.
Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.

Something had been continuing up to a time in the past or was important at that time in the past:

Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.

He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager.

Future Perfect
Something will be complete at some time in the future:
In a few years they will have discovered a cure for the cold.
I can come out tonight. I'll have finished my homework by then.
Something will be complete at some time in the future:
We will have been waiting for over an  hour when the store finally opens.
In June, I will have been working at AELC for three months.

The first table above shows verb tenses as used in the Headway Book, and the second table lists examples of the perfect tense from http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/perfective-aspect. 

Sometimes it is useful to look at grammar concepts through a different perspective, as below.  The results are the same, but the organization may be more clear to some people this way.

·      TENSE refers to location or point in time. 
o   In English, technically there are only two tenses, past and present.
o   Future is not technically a tense since the main verb does not conjugate.  Instead, the main verb is used with the modal “will” to reflect the future.
o   Longman grammar labels present tense the unmarked form.
o   Academic texts may use present tense to imply lack of time restriction

·      ASPECT refers to how an event is to be viewed in time OR spans time:
·      Simple (completed action in the past with no connection to other times)
·      Perfect (done, but its importance spans time in present, past, or future)
·      Continuous or Progressive (ongoing in present, past, or future)
·      Perfect Continuous or Perfect Progressive (ongoing, but was done or will be done at a certain time)

Note that many books use the word “progressive” instead of “continuous.”  In either case, the two words are synonymous.

Active Voice
The Simple Aspect (Indefinite Aspect)
Example
I went
I go
I will go
The Perfect Aspect (Completed Aspect)
Example
I had gone
I have gone
I will have gone
The Continuous Aspect (Continuing Aspect)
Example
I was going
I am going
I will be going
Example
I had been going
I have been going
I will have been going




Passive Voice
The Simple Aspect (Indefinite Aspect)
Example
it was completed
it is completed
it will be completed
The Perfect Aspect (Completed Aspect)
Example
it had been completed
it has been completed
it will have been completed
The Continuous Aspect (Continuing)
Example
It was being completed
It is being completed